Petersol

Category: Blog

  • LEAD-ACID VS LITHIUM BATTERIES

    LEAD-ACID VS LITHIUM BATTERIES

    If you’re considering home energy storage, there are several types of batteries to choose from. In this article, we’ll compare two of the most common battery options paired with solar installations: lithium-ion and lead acid. Other than the different materials that compose each type of battery, their main difference comes in terms of cost and performance. Lead acid batteries tend to be less expensive whereas lithium-ion batteries perform better and are more efficient.

     

    Key Takeaways

    • Lithium-ion battery technology is better than lead-acid for most solar system setups due to its reliability, efficiency, and lifespan.
    • Lead acid batteries are cheaper than lithium-ion batteries.

      Battery storage is becoming an increasingly popular addition to solar energy systems. Two of the most common battery chemistry types are lithium-ion and lead acid. As their names imply, lithium-ion batteries are made with the metal lithium, while lead-acid batteries are made with lead.

      Both batteries work by storing a charge and releasing electrons via electrochemical processes. Lithium-ion batteries work by discharging positive and negative ions from the material lithium between electrodes. Lead acid batteries use a similar process, only a different material.

      Lithium-ion and lead acid batteries can both store energy effectively, but each has unique advantages and drawbacks. Here are some important comparison points to consider when deciding on a battery type:

      Cost

      The one category in which lead acid batteries seemingly outperform lithium-ion options is their cost. A lead acid battery system may cost hundreds or thousands of shillings less than a similarly-sized lithium-ion setup – lithium-ion batteries currently cost anywhere from ksh 16000 to ksh 33000 including installation, and this range can go higher or lower depending on the size of system you need.

      While lead acid batteries typically have lower purchase and installation costs compared to lithium-ion options, the lifetime value of a lithium-ion battery evens the scales. Below, we’ll outline other important features of each battery type to consider and explain why these factors contribute to an overall higher value for lithium-ion battery systems.

      Capacity

      A battery’s capacity measures how much energy can be stored (and eventually discharged) by the battery. While capacity numbers vary between battery models and manufacturers, lithium-ion battery technology has been well-proven to have a significantly higher energy density than lead acid batteries. This means more energy can be stored using the same physical space in a lithium-ion battery. Because you can store more energy with lithium-ion technology, you can discharge more energy, thus powering more appliances for longer periods.

      Depth of discharge

      A battery’s depth of discharge is the percentage of the battery that can be safely drained of energy without damaging the battery. While it is normal to use 85 percent or more of a lithium-ion battery’s total capacity in a single cycle, lead acid batteries should not be discharged past roughly 50 percent, as doing so negatively impacts the battery’s lifetime. The superior depth of discharge possible with lithium-ion technology means that lithium-ion batteries have an even higher effective capacity than lead acid options, especially considering the higher energy density in lithium-ion technology mentioned above.

      Efficiency

      Like solar panel efficiency, battery efficiency is an important metric to consider when comparing different options. Most lithium-ion batteries are 95 percent efficient or more, meaning that 95 percent or more of the energy stored in a lithium-ion battery is actually able to be used. Conversely, lead acid batteries see efficiencies closer to 80 to 85 percent. Higher efficiency batteries charge faster, and similarly to the depth of discharge, improved efficiency means a higher effective battery capacity.

      Lifespan

      Batteries are also similar to solar panels in that they degrade over time and become less effective as they age. Discharging a battery to power your home or appliances and then recharging it with solar energy or the grid counts as one “cycle.” The numbers vary from study to study, but lithium-ion batteries generally last several times the number of cycles as lead acid batteries, leading to a longer effective lifespan for lithium-ion products.

      If you need a battery backup system, both lead acid and lithium-ion batteries can be effective options. However, it’s usually the right decision to install a lithium-ion battery given the many advantages of the technology – longer lifetime, higher efficiencies, and higher energy density. Lithium-ion batteries are usually more valuable than lead-acid options despite higher upfront costs.

      One case where lead-acid batteries may be the better decision is in a scenario with an off-grid solar installation that isn’t used very frequently. For example, keeping a lead-acid battery on a boat or RV as a backup power source that is only used every month or so is a less expensive option than lithium-ion, and due to the lower usage rate, you’ll avoid many of the drawbacks of lead-acid technology, such as their shorter lifespan.

  • Home Batteries vs. Generators: Which is right for you?

    Historically, most people looked to propane, diesel, and natural gas-powered home generators for resilience during power emergencies. But these days, homeowners are increasingly choosing a home backup battery instead, a cleaner alternative for that same peace of mind.

    Solar battery storage systems offer many of the same backup power functions as conventional generators but can run on clean energy instead of fossil fuels.

    We compare the costs, fuel sources, size, and maintenance requirements of battery backup options compared to conventional generators.

    Key takeaways

    • Solar batteries can be a cost-effective and renewable alternative to a gas generator for backup power.
    • Upfront costs for backup batteries are typically higher than generators, but the lifetime savings can offset the upfront payment.
    • You power solar batteries with the sun and can pull energy from them to avoid costly grid electricity. In contrast, generators require fossil fuels and only benefit you during a power outage.

    Why you should choose energy storage

    There are two primary reasons that homeowners have historically opted for generators as a backup solution: They cost less upfront and, in the past, they’ve been easy to find and set up. You can frequently buy backup generators at home improvement stores, and some might not even need to be installed by an electrician.

    But generators aren’t perfect. And batteries are increasing in popularity.

    Generators are the way of the past

    Backup generators come with several downsides. For one, you have to ensure you have the fossil fuel they require, which can be problematic during unexpected outages.

    Backup generators are also large, loud machines that shouldn’t run every day and require regular maintenance, meaning you only benefit from having them in the event of an outage.

    Finally, and perhaps most importantly, backup generators cause significant local pollution by burning fossil fuels, not the least of which is carbon monoxide, which has become a considerable safety risk with fossil fuel-powered backup generators.

    Are batteries the future?

    Batteries aren’t perfect. They’re more expensive upfront and require an electrician to install. But, they solve most of the issues that can sometimes plague backup generators.

    When you pair batteries with solar panels, the sun powers them, keeping them charged as long as the sun keeps shining. Also, batteries are eligible for incentives like tax credits and rebates, which can significantly lower those upfront costs.

    Finally, there are no local emission concerns with solar plus storage installations. They run entirely on clean, renewable solar power.

    Costs compared: Generators vs. home batteries
    The amount you’ll pay to get backup power at your home or business depends on the power you need and your chosen equipment. Many standby generator options in the Ksh 30000 to Ksh 170000 range can power a standard Kenyan home. But the average generator cost, including installation, is 30000 .

    By comparison, a 10 kilowatt-hour (kWh) home backup battery costs about Ksh 16000 after incentives. If you want whole-home power, you’ll probably need more storage than that, though.

    Altogether, you can expect to pay anywhere from Ksh 16000 to over Ksh 33000 to install a battery backup system depending on your energy needs. If you use a lot of electricity, you’ll need to buy a bigger generator or more batteries, and you can expect the installation cost to add thousands more to your total price tag.

    Pros of a Generator vs Solar Battery

    When comparing solar vs generator backup solutions, there are several pros to using a generator over a solar battery:

    • Lower Upfront Costs: Generators generally cost less upfront than solar battery systems, especially for higher-capacity power needs.

    • Power Output: Generators can deliver higher continuous power output, making them suitable for heavy loads like central HVAC systems or large appliances during an outage.

    • Fuel Accessibility: Generators run on readily available fuels like gasoline, diesel, or natural gas, which can provide a more reliable power source in areas with limited sunlight. 

    • 24/7 Power: Unlike solar batteries, generators can provide continuous power as long as fuel is available, making them a dependable solution during extended outages or low-sunlight periods.

      Cons of Generators vs Solar

      While generators offer some benefits, there are significant drawbacks when compared to solar batteries in the solar vs generator discussion:

      • Environmental Impact: Generators rely on fossil fuels, releasing CO2 and other harmful greenhouse gases during operation.

      • Safety Concerns: Improper use of generators can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning, electrical hazards, and fire risks.

      • Noise and Odor Pollution: Generators are noisy and emit unpleasant fumes, contributing to both air and noise pollution.

      • Limited Use: Generators typically sit idle for most of the year, being used only during blackouts. This limited use may feel like a poor investment for homeowners.

      • Maintenance: Generators require ongoing maintenance, including servicing, fuel storage, and regular refueling.

      • No Long-Term Savings: Unlike solar batteries, which recharge with free sunlight, generators require constant refueling, leading to ongoing costs. Over time, solar battery systems tend to provide better long-term savings by using renewable energy.

  • PROTECTION FROM BLACKOUTS

    PROTECTION FROM BLACKOUTS

    What is Blackout Protection?

    Blackout protection refers to your inverter and battery system’s capacity to keep your house powered up when the grid goes down, as may happen during a blackout. You’ll be able to power your home using a solar and battery system in case the electricity goes out, keeping essential circuits such as lights, power outlets, and refrigerators going.

    How does it work?

    If you have a battery enabled with blackout protection (or Backup), there is nothing you need to do when the power goes out. The battery will detect that the grid is down, go into blackout mode and begin to discharge power to the essential loads. The switchover periods vary depending on the battery manufacturer; however, they are often only a few seconds.

    Does my battery have Blackout Protection?

    Despite most solar batteries being equipped to support blackout protection, enabling this feature requires additional electrical works including re-wiring essential circuits. Petersol Energy Limited offer customers a chance to opt-in to this feature either at the time of installation or down the track.

    How long will it last?

    This would depend on the type of battery system being installed – AC Coupled or Hybrid, and your energy usage trends. The circuits you have connected to the battery and the amount of electricity being drawn during a blackout will ultimately determine the duration.

    The former battery type provides the convenience of charging from surplus solar generated by existing PV inverter(s) on-site. The amount of energy in the battery and the overall load at the moment the grid goes down will determine how long your backup will last.

    In addition to this, the latter battery type may also enable you to benefit from solar generation during a blackout, provided they are connected directly to the hybrid inverter thereby charging your batteries.

    What appliances can I run during a blackout?

    Essential circuits such as lights, charging points and fridges are often turned on first, and customers can benefit from having them connected to the backup. Running energy-intensive appliances is not recommended to ensure that the stored energy lasts for a long time. The amount of energy you use and the amount of energy the battery stores will determine how long the battery will offer backup power.

    Let’s consider a 5kW Hybrid Inverter with a 5kWh battery as an example, the maximum power supplied to your backup circuits would be limited to 5 kW (21.7A). Therefore, you can consider backing up 2-3 light(s) and 1 power circuit while ensuring the maximum demand does not exceed the Inverter backup rating.

    How to Use Solar Panels During a Power Outage?

    Solar panels alone cannot provide electricity during a power outage because they are connected to the grid and require a functioning grid to operate. However, when combined with a solar battery system, solar panels can supply power even when the grid is down. During an outage, the solar inverter will disconnect the panels from the grid and switch to the battery as the primary power source. This ensures that you have a reliable source of electricity when you need it most.

    How Long Do Solar Batteries Last During Power Outages?

    1. Battery’s capacity

    2. The amount of energy stored

    3. Power consumption of essential appliances

    The duration for which a solar battery can provide power during a blackout depends on several factors, including the battery’s capacity, the amount of energy stored, and the power consumption of essential appliances. Most residential solar battery systems are designed to provide power for a few hours to several days, depending on the size and configuration of the system.

    To maximize blackout protection with solar batteries, it’s essential to consider your specific energy needs during an outage. Working with a solar professional can help you determine the right battery capacity for your home.

     

  • HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES A SOLAR PANEL GENERATE?

    HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES A SOLAR PANEL GENERATE?

    One of the most important features of a solar panel is how much energy it can produce. After all, that’s what they’re designed to do!

    Prospective solar panel owners usually have a goal for how much energy they want to produce. Maybe it is 100% of their household needs or even just 50%. In any case, there are a number of factors that will influence the energy production capabilities of a solar panel and how many panels they’ll need.

    With the cost of solar dropping over 60% in the last 10 years and a 30% tax solar credit available to all homeowners, it is much more realistic for home and business owners to install solar panels on their property. In this post, we explore how solar panels function and produce energy.

    First, let’s go over the basics.

    How Does a Solar Panel Produce Energy?

    Solar panels work by allowing particles of light, called photons, to knock electrons from their atomic orbitals. The electrons are captured on conductors in the form of an electric current and this electricity is harnessed and preserved. The area where this reaction occurs is called a photovoltaic cell or solar cell.

    Solar panels (or modules) are made up of hundreds or thousands of these cells, and multiple solar panels make up a solar array. These arrays are connected into the existing electrical grid and/or battery storage so that the generated energy can be directed properly.

    Key Solar Panel Terms: kW, kWh, DC, and AC

    To fully understand the numbers, we need to go over some basic units.

    • Kilowatt (kW): This is a measure of electrical power, which is equal to 1,000 watts. The electrical energy that is generated by a solar panel or a solar system can be expressed as watts or kilowatts.
    • Kilowatt-hour (kWh) – A measure of electrical energy that is equal to the consumption of 1,000 watts for 1 hour. The kWh is used as a billing unit for the energy consumed by individuals. One kilowatt-hour equates to 3.6 megajoules.
    • Direct Current (DC) power: This is the form of the power that gets initially generated from the panel.
    • Alternating Current (AC) power: Most household appliances use AC power. The DC electricity generated by solar panels gets converted into AC so that it can be used efficiently by consumers throughout their house.

    How many Watts does a solar panel produce?

    In 2023, residential solar panels are typically rated to produce 250 to 450 Watts per hour of direct sunlight. Today, the most common power rating is 400 Watts as it provides a good balance of efficiency and affordability. A 400 Watt panel with 4.5 direct sun hours a day can be expected to produce 1,800 Watt-hours of DC electricity per day — or roughly 1,750 Watt-hours once it’s converted to AC electricity — which is more than enough to power a refrigerator and lighting needs for the average Kenyan household.

    To measure how much electricity a solar panel produces you’ll need two figures:

    1. The solar output of the panel (measured in Watts)
    2. The number of peak sun hours per day (in hours) for your area

    Solar panel output varies by model and ranges from around 250 to 450 Watts. The Wattage output rating represents how much energy the panel can produce per hour under standard testing conditions.

    In 2023, 400W panels are considered standard, so we’ll use this output for our example.

    Peak sun hours is a measurement of how much usable sunlight your solar panels receive. This varies from over 5.75 hours per day in the Southwest to less than 4 hours per day in the northernmost parts of Kenya. Check the peak sun hours for your location here.

    Since a majority of Kenya gets 4.5 peak sun hours per day or more, we’ll use 4.5 hours for our example.

    To calculate how much a solar panel produces per day, simply multiply the solar panel output by the peak sun hours:

    400W (output) x 4.5 hours = 1,800 Watt-hours per day

    We typically account for 3% loss in converting the solar energy output from DC to AC, which comes to roughly 1,750 Watt-hours. To convert to the standard measurement of kWh, simply divide by 1,000 to find that one 400W panel can produce 1.75 kWh per day.

    How much energy does a solar panel produce per month?

    A 400W solar panel receiving 4.5 peak sun hours per day can produce 1.75 kWh of AC electricity per day, as we found in the example above. Now we can multiply 1.75 kWh by 30 days to find that the average solar panel can produce 52.5 kWh of electricity per month.

    So to offset 100% of the electricity usage for the average household getting 4.5 peak sun hours per day, you’d need a 6.7 kW solar system. (6.7 kW x 4.5 sun hours per day x 30 days per month = 893 kWh per month). That would require 17 solar panels with 400W output.

    In sunnier locations getting 5.25 peak sun hours per day, you’d only need a 5.67 kW system made up of 14 400W solar panels to get 100% offset.

    Things That Affect Solar Panel Production

    To get an accurate picture of solar energy output, you have to take into account a few factors like the type of panel and its environment.

    As we mentioned above, the biggest factors are how many peak sun hours you get per day and the power output of the panel.  However, the design of the panel matters too.

    Solar energy output depends on the type of panel

    There are thousands of solar panel models on the market, all with unique wattages, efficiency ratings, and degradation rates. In fact, we sorted through 750 panels available through the petersol.co.ke of installers to identify some of the best solar panels for each category.

    While there is a lot to consider, a good place to start is deciding between a monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel. Here are some features of each technology.

    Monocrystalline solar panels

    • Higher efficiency
    • More expensive
    • Better performance in high temperatures and shady conditions

    Polycrystalline

    • Lower efficiency
    • Less expensive
    • Less efficient at higher temperatures

  • CAN SOLAR PANELS BE INSTALLED IN A COMMERCIAL BUILDING?

    CAN SOLAR PANELS BE INSTALLED IN A COMMERCIAL BUILDING?

    As the world continues to shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly practices, many businesses are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint and lower their energy costs. Solar panels have become a popular choice for both residential and commercial applications. But can solar panels be installed in a commercial building? The answer is a resounding yes, and in this blog, we’ll explore the process and benefits of harnessing solar power for your commercial enterprise.

    The Business Case for Commercial Solar Panels

    Solar panels are not just for eco-conscious individuals; they also make a lot of sense for businesses. Here’s why:

    • Cost Savings: Commercial buildings tend to have significant energy demands. Solar panels can significantly reduce your electricity bills by generating clean, renewable energy from the sun. The energy savings can be substantial, and you may also qualify for tax incentives and rebates, making the initial investment even more attractive.
    • Environmental Benefits: Operating a solar-powered commercial building demonstrates your commitment to sustainability and corporate responsibility. It can be a valuable marketing point and enhance your brand image.
    • Energy Independence: Relying on your solar power reduces your dependence on the grid and shields your business from rising energy costs and power outages.

    Key Considerations for Commercial Solar Panel Cost and Installation in Commercial Buildings

    • Roof Condition: Your building’s roof will be the primary location for solar panel installation. Ensure that the roof is structurally sound and capable of supporting the panels. If necessary, consider roof repairs or reinforcement.
    • Energy Needs: Analyze your energy consumption patterns to determine the appropriate size of the solar panel system. A professional energy audit can help in this regard.
    • Local Regulations: Research local regulations and permits for commercial solar panel installation. These can vary by location and may affect the installation process.
    • Financing Options: Investigate financing options, including purchasing, leasing, or power purchase agreements (PPAs). Each has advantages, and the best choice will depend on your business’s financial situation and goals.

    Benefits of Installing Solar Panels in Commercial Buildings

    Lower energy bills

    One of the primary benefits is reducing electricity bills through utilizing solar energy instead of solely relying on the grid. Any excess energy produced can also be sold back to the utility.

    Reduce carbon footprint

    By generating clean, renewable power, commercial solar helps reduce the organisations environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels for electricity. This provides sustainability and CSR benefits.

    Hedge against energy costs

    Once installed, a solar system provides long-term fixed energy costs that are not subject to rate increases from the utility over time. This improves financial predictability and scalability

    Good PR and marketing

    Having solar panels demonstrates environmental leadership and commitment to renewable energy. This can attract and appeal to environmentally-conscious customers, clients, or stakeholders.

     It Protects Against Power Outages

    Buildings that rely entirely on electric grids are vulnerable to power outages that occur during bad weather or electrical system malfunctions. Solar panels installed with battery systems allow commercial buildings to continue to function during power outages.

    Saves Money, Cuts Operational Costs

    Electricity is one of the biggest ongoing expenses that commercial buildings have. Solar panels significantly reduce energy costs. While the initial investment can be high, overtime the cost of installing solar panels is recouped by the money saved on electricity bills.

    It’s Good for the Environment–and Your Brand

    Solar energy is a renewable resource that does not produce greenhouse emissions; therefore, using solar energy helps the environment by reducing reliance on fossil fuels.  

    Consumer demand for environmentally friendly products and services has increased in recent years. By installing solar panels, a brand shows that it cares about the environment and is making an effort to reduce its carbon footprint. 

    Maintenance and Efficiency of Commercial Solar Panels

    The maintenance and efficiency of commercial solar panels are quite straightforward and reliable. 

    Periodic cleaning may be needed to remove dust, debris or snow buildup that could impact sunlight absorption and power output. Annual inspections verify the proper functioning of the panels and connection points. 

    Over time, efficiency will decrease gradually, but well-designed solar arrays experience minimal drop-off. Inverters that convert solar DC current to usable AC may need replacing every 10-15 years, requiring budgeting for replacement costs. -/

    Proactive maintenance like replacing damaged or underperforming panels helps maximize the system’s lifetime energy production over 25+ years. Efficiency losses are typically minor for the first decade, with stable generation allowing commercial buildings to realise long-term returns on their solar investment.

    Installing Solar Panels on Large Buildings 

    When planning to install commercial solar panels on large buildings, there are two main types of installations to consider: roof-mounted and facade-mounted installations.

    Roof-Mounted Installations

    Roof-mounted solar installations are the most common and straightforward method. This type of installation involves securing the solar panels on the roof of the building using a mounting system.

    An initial structural assessment is crucial to ensure the roof can support the weight of the panels and the mounting system.

    Facade Installations

    On the other hand, facade installations involve attaching the panels directly to the building’s facade or exterior walls. This method is ideal for buildings with limited roof space and offers the added benefit of enhancing the building’s appearance.

    However, facade installations may require a more complex mounting system and careful consideration of the building’s structural integrity.

    Maximizing Solar Efficiency 

    Finally, regular maintenance is essential to ensure residential or commercial solar panels are working at peak performance. Here are a few tips for maximizing solar efficiency:

    • Positioning and Orientation: Ensure panels are properly positioned and oriented for optimal sun exposure throughout the year.
    • Dealing with Shading and Obstructions: Inspect panels regularly to identify any potential obstructions such as trees or buildings that may be casting shade on the solar panels.
    • Regular Maintenance and Cleaning: Dust, dirt, and other debris can reduce solar panel efficiency, so regular cleaning is essential to ensure peak performance.

    Leverage Solar Technology 

    Solar panels can absolutely be installed on commercial buildings to help reduce electricity costs and carbon footprint. Though commercial systems require more planning and have higher upfront costs than residential, there are significant financial incentives available. With a properly sized system and quality installation from an experienced solar contractor, commercial buildings can lower operating expenses through solar power generation for decades.

    If your commercial property is suitable for solar and you want to learn more about the costs, savings and process, contact the experts at Petersol Energy Limited. We have extensive experience designing and installing both small and large commercial solar systems. We can evaluate your facility’s solar potential, apply for applicable rebates and tax credits, and handle the entire installation process. 

    Final Word

    The advantages of using solar panels to power commercial buildings are likely to multiply as solar energy technology continues to develop. Rather than being an afterthought, solar panels should be considered during the design and construction phase of commercial projects.

  • TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS

    TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS

    Are you thinking about going solar? Buying a solar plant for your home may seem like a complex task but it is as simple as buying a new phone. We do a lot of research before buying a phone or laptop. The same theory applies to buying a solar plant. There are many types of solar panels available in the market. Each has its pros and cons. Let us understand them better by digging deep into the types of solar panels

    Key takeaways

    • There are three different types of solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film.
    • Monocrystalline solar panels are highly efficient and have a sleek design, but come at a higher price point than other solar panels.
    • Polycrystalline solar panels are cheaper than monocrystalline panels, however, they are less efficient and aren’t as aesthetically pleasing.
    • Thin film solar panels are the cheapest, but have the lowest efficiency rating and require a lot of space to meet your energy needs.
    • The brand of solar panels and the solar installer you choose is far more important than which type of solar panel you install.

    Types of Solar Panels

    The solar panels can be divided into 4 major categories: 

    • Monocrystalline solar panels
    • Polycrystalline solar panels
    • Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact cells (PERC) solar panels
    • Thin-film solar panels

    The solar panels are determined by the type of solar cells present in it. Each cell has a unique characteristic and has a different appearance. 

    Monocrystalline Solar Panels

    The monocrystalline solar panels are also known as the single crystal panels. They are made from pure silicon crystal which is sliced into several wafers forming cells. These wafers are cut to an octagonal shaped wafer because of which they get their unique look and uniform color. They can be easily identified by their black or dark blue color, as they are made from pure silicon.

    Within monocrystalline solar panels, there is a technology known as Half Cut cells. Here the square shaped cells are cut in half, so there are twice the number of cells. The top half of the panel has all cells connected in one series and the bottom half in another series. This allows the panel to continue power generation in the top half even if there is a shadow on the bottom half of the panel. Thus, the overall power generation from half cut cells is higher in installations with partial shadow issues.

    Feature of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

    • Monocrystalline solar panels have higher conversion efficiency which means that they produce more kW/hour of electricity. It is because they are composed of a single silicon crystal which allows more space for the electrons to move.
    • The monocrystalline panels display higher heat resistance as compared to other panels, which means that their electricity production capacity is less affected by heat and they produce electricity at a higher efficiency at high temperatures.
    • The monocrystalline panels are more expensive as compared to other panels since the manufacturing process of single-crystal silicon cells is complex.

    Polycrystalline Solar Panels

    The polycrystalline solar panels are composed of multiple silicon crystals. They are made from silicon fragments that are melted and poured into square molds. Once these crystals are cooled, they are sliced into thin wafers and assembled together to form a polycrystalline solar panel. They are also known as “multi-crystalline” panels.

    Features of Polycrystalline Solar Panels

    • Polycrystalline solar panels have lower efficiency than monocrystalline solar panels as they are composed of multiple silicon crystals due to which there is limited room available for the electrons to move.
    • The polycrystalline panels can be identified by the square shape of the cells and shining blue hue with straight edges. 
    • These panels are more affordable than monocrystalline solar panels as the manufacturing process is simpler and less silicon is wasted during the whole process.

    Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) Solar Panels

    Also known as ‘rear cells’, PERC solar panels are manufactured using advanced technology. It is done by adding a layer on the back of solar cells. The traditional solar panels absorb sunlight only to some extent and some light passes straight through them. The additional layer in the PERC panels allows this unabsorbed sunlight to be absorbed again from the rear side of the panels, making it even more efficient.

    Nowadays, PERC technology is typically combined with Monocrystalline cells to produce high efficiency Mono-PERC panels which have the highest power ratings among commercially available solar panels.

    Features of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar panels

    • PERC solar panels are more efficient as compared to traditional solar panels as they absorb more sunlight.
    • There is an additional layer at the back of the panels which reflects the unabsorbed sunlight back to the solar cells for further absorption of the sunlight.

    Thin-film Solar Panels

    Unlike monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels, thin-film solar panels are manufactured using photovoltaic substances which include Amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). These substances are deposited onto a solid surface such as glass, metal or plastic making it lighter and easy to install.

    Categories of Thin-film solar panels:

    • Cadmium telluride (CdTe) – CdTe solar panels have the lowest carbon footprint, however, the toxicity of cadmium is an environmental concern as it is not easily recycled
    • Amorphous silicon (a-Si) – Amorphous silicon panels generally are shapeless in nature and their silicon is unstructured on the molecular level. 
    • Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) – CIGS is manufactured using a thin layer of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium on a glass or plastic sheet. This makes CIGS most efficient among other thin-film panels due to its higher absorption abilities.

    Features of Thin-film solar panels

    • Thin-film solar cells are comparatively lightweight and more flexible than traditional silicon panels, thus making them easy to install.
    • They are less efficient compared to silicon crystalline panels. However, they have a lesser carbon footprints and are comparatively cheaper than the other panels.
    • These types of panels are most suitable for large rooftop areas or places having wide open space.

    Solar panel type by performance

    Highest performance: Monocrystalline

    Efficiency ratings of monocrystalline solar panels range from 17% to 22%, earning them the title of the most efficient solar panel type. The higher efficiency rating of monocrystalline panels makes them ideal for homes with limited roof space, as you’ll need fewer panels to generate the electricity you need. 

    Monocrystalline solar panels have their manufacturing process to thank for being so efficient. Because monocrystalline solar cells are made of a single crystal of silicon, electrons are able to easily flow throughout the cell, increasing overall efficiency. 

    Not only do monocrystalline panels have the highest efficiency ratings, they typically also have the highest power capacity ratings, as well. Most monocrystalline panels on the market today will have a power output rating of at least 320 watts, but can go up to around 375 watts or higher! 

    Mid-tier performance: Polycrystalline

    Polycrystalline panel efficiency ratings will typically range from 15% to 17%. The lower efficiency ratings are due to how electrons move through the solar cell. Because polycrystalline cells contain multiple silicon cells, the electrons cannot move as easily and as a result, decrease the efficiency of the panel. 

    The lower efficiency of polycrystalline panels also means they tend to have a lower power output than monocrystalline panels, usually ranging between 240 watts and 300 watts. 300 watt solar panels aren’t seen as often in residential applications, but some polycrystalline panels have power ratings above 300 watts. 

    However, new technologies and manufacturing processes have given the efficiency and power ratings of polycrystalline panels a slight boost over the years, slowly closing the performance gap between mono and polycrystalline panels. 

    Lowest performance: Thin-film

    Thin-film solar panels have incredibly low efficiency ratings. As recently as a few years ago, thin-film efficiencies were in the single digits. Researchers have recently achieved 23.4% efficiency with thin film cell prototypes but thin-film panels that are commercially available generally have efficiency in the 10–13% range.

    In order to meet your energy needs, you would need to install more thin-film panels over a large area to produce the same amount of electricity as crystalline silicon solar panels. This is why thin-film solar panels don’t really make sense for residential installations where space is limited. 

    Solar panel type by appearance

    Most attractive: Thin film panels

    Thin film panels have a clean, all-black look. Their thin design allows them to lie flat against roofs, so they are able to blend in more seamlessly. In fact, with some thin film panels, it’s hard to even see the individual cells within the panel. They also tend to have less wiring and busbars, meaning there’s less white space. 

    However, because they are so inefficient, you would need to cover your entire roof in thin film panels – which may or may not be your style. 

    Mid-tier appearance: Monocrystalline panels

    Monocrystalline panels have a solid black appearance, making them pretty subtle on your roof. But, the way monocrystalline solar cells are shaped causes there to be quite a bit of white space on the panel. Some manufacturers have worked around this with black packing or shaping the cells differently, but these aesthetic changes can impact both the price and performance of the panels. 

    Overall, monocrystalline panels still look sleek, but they’re a bit more pronounced than thin film panels. 

    Worst appearance: Polycrystalline panels

    Polycrystalline panels tend to stick out like a sore thumb. The process in which polycrystalline solar cells are manufactured causes the cells to have a blue, marbled look. This means each individual polycrystalline panel looks substantially different from the one next to it. Most homeowners aren’t too keen on the aesthetics of polycrystalline panels

    Solar panel type by cost

    Highest cost: Monocrystalline panels

    Monocrystalline panels are the most expensive of the three types of solar panels because of their manufacturing process and higher performance abilities. 

    However, as manufacturing processes and solar panel technology in general has improved, the price difference between monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels has shrunk considerably. According to the manufacturing companies, monocrystalline solar panels now sell for just about ksh 45 per watt higher than polycrystalline modules.

    Mid-cost: Polycrystalline panels

    Historically, polycrystalline panels have been the cheapest option for homeowners going solar, without majorly sacrificing panel performance. Low prices allowed polycrystalline panels to make up a significant market share in residential solar installations between 2012 and 2016. 

    But as we said earlier, the price gap between monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels is narrowing. Now, more homeowners are willing to pay a slightly higher price to get significantly better efficiency and power ratings from monocrystalline panels. 

    Lowest cost: Thin-film panels

    Thin film solar panels have the lowest cost of the solar panel types, largely because they are easier to install and require less equipment. However, they also have much lower performance abilities and require a substantial amount of space to generate enough electricity to power a home. 

    Plus, thin film panels degrade much faster than other panel types, meaning they need to be replaced more often, which leads to more long-term recurring costs. 

    Power Capacity of Solar Panels

    The power rating of solar panels is measured in Wp, i.e. Watt peak, which is the peak DC power generated by the panel under standard testing conditions. Different types of solar panels have different capacities in Wp due to their different efficiencies.

    Mono-PERC panels, which combine monocrystalline silicon cells with PERC technology have the highest power rating among commercially available solar panels. This is because of the high efficiency of monocrystalline cells combined with PERC technology. Panels of up to 540 Wp DC power are available from most of the Tier 1 Chinese solar panel manufacturers.

    Polycrystalline solar panels are typically available in the range from 320 to 370 Wp. Thin film solar panels are typically not used in commercial or residential applications. They are mainly used only in large utility scale power plants.

    What Type of Solar Panel is Best & How Should I Choose?

    While Mono-PERC solar panels with Half Cut cells are possibly the most advanced & efficient technology of solar panels available today, the choice of solar panels to use for your installations depends on a number of factors.

    Monocrystalline or Mono-PERC panels have the highest efficiency, the highest power output and hence are most suitable to install a higher capacity of solar plant in a smaller area. For instance, if your electricity bill is very high, you would want to maximize the capacity of your solar plant. If you have a limited area available for installation, using monocrystalline panels instead of polycrystalline will help you install up to 50 to 60% higher capacity of solar plant within the same area. While the up-front cost of mono panels is higher, having a higher capacity of plant will be beneficial in the long run by reducing your electricity bills much more than polycrystalline panels can.

    Polycrystalline panels can be chosen due to their lower cost, especially in case where sufficient rooftop area is available. Moreover, if you want to avail the benefit of government subsidy, polycrystalline panels are currently the only option. Subsidy is available for residential solar only for panels manufactured within India. Currently Indian manufacturers can only supply polycrystalline cells for projects to be installed under government subsidy, as monocrystalline cell manufacturing is not yet started in India.

    Factors to consider besides solar panel type

    There are two things we here at Petersol Energy Limited think are more important than solar PV cell type when choosing panels for your home: the brand of solar panels and finding the right solar installer. 

    Going with a high-quality solar panel manufacturer ensures that you’re installing a great product on your roof, regardless of the type of panel it is.

    Regardless of which type of solar panel you choose, installing solar to power your home is a sustainable decision that has the following benefits:

    And the most important of all, installing either type of panel will significantly lower your monthly energy bills.

    Conclusion

    Choosing the right and suitable type of solar panels for your home may seem challenging but once you have gathered all the information it is easier to make the decision. When selecting the right solar panel for your home you should always consider all the pros and cons of each option.